Development of an IoT-Based Smart Cane with Non-Invasive Health Monitoring for Elderly Care in Batam
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30871/jaic.v9i5.11107Keywords:
Anthropometry, Assistive Technology, Blynk IoT, Elderly Care, Non-Invasive Health MonitoringAbstract
The rapid growth of the elderly population requires assistive technologies that support mobility, health, and safety. This study presents the development of an IoT-based smart cane designed to enhance elderly independence and health monitoring in Batam, Indonesia. The prototype integrates non-invasive health sensors (MAX30102 for heart rate and SpO₂, MLX90614 for temperature, and a non-invasive glucose sensor), a GPS module, a mini-CCTV with two-way audio, and a solar-powered energy system, all controlled by an ESP32 microcontroller connected to the Blynk IoT platform. Ergonomic design was guided by anthropometric data of Indonesian elderly to ensure user comfort and usability. Experimental results demonstrated stable performance of the integrated modules. Heart rate values ranged from 86–103 BPM (mean 89.5 ± 6.2 BPM), blood glucose estimations from 110–112 mg/dL (mean 111 ± 0.9 mg/dL), and body temperature from 36.9–37.1 °C (mean 37.0 ± 0.1 °C), all of which aligned closely with clinical references. Oxygen saturation readings, however, averaged 89 ± 0.8%, slightly below the clinical norm (≥95%), highlighting the need for sensor calibration. Dynamic testing of the GPS module across a 500-meter route achieved positional accuracy within 3–5 meters, while the CCTV system successfully streamed live video but was dependent on WiFi stability.The novelty of this research lies in the unique combination of locally adapted ergonomic design, multi-sensor non-invasive health monitoring, two-way visual and audio communication, GPS tracking, and renewable energy integration within a single portable device. These contributions not only enrich IoT-based healthcare research but also provide practical solutions tailored to elderly care in Indonesia. Future work will focus on clinical-grade validation of sensors, extended field trials, and the integration of predictive analytics using Machine Learning and Fuzzy Logic.
Downloads
References
[1] C.-C. Lee, J. Li, Z. Xia, and L. Xie, “Elderly population migration and urban energy consumption: Voluntary relocation or forced displacement?,” Energy Econ., vol. 149, p. 108725, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108725.
[2] S. Susilawati, K. Wahyudi, T. Jovina, A. Amaliya, F. M. Putri, and A. A. Suwargiani, “Indonesian Tooth Loss Predictor in Middle-aged and Elderly Populations based on Sociodemographic Factors and Systemic Disease: A Cross-sectional Study,” Open Dent. J., vol. 19, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.2174/0118742106351915241226114458.
[3] R. W. Resna, C.-M. Chen, and T. T. B. Nguyen, “Psychometric evaluation of the elderly mobility scale in Indonesia,” Geriatr. Nurs. (Minneap)., vol. 61, pp. 434–439, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.12.011.
[4] D. A. Putera, A. A. Dermawan, D. E. Kurniawan, A. W. Aranski, and R. Dio, “Design of an Arduino Mega-Based Walking Cane Assistive Device to Improve the Quality of Life for the Elderly in the Riau Islands Province,” Sci. J. Informatics; Vol 10, No 4 Novemb. 2023DO - 10.15294/sji.v10i4.47793, 2023, [Online]. Available: https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/sji/article/view/47793
[5] P. Oktamianti, D. Kusuma, V. Amir, D. H. Tjandrarini, and A. Paramita, “District-Level Inequalities in Hypertension among Adults in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis by Sex and Age Group,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 20. 2022. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013268.
[6] M. Rosana et al., “Risk factors for peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., vol. 224, p. 112170, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2025.112170.
[7] J. Dong, K. Wei, J. Cao, G. M. Wu, and S. Min, “Effects of Blood Pressure Management Based on Non-Invasive Heart Function Monitoring on Reducing Postoperative Hypotension in Elderly Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” J. Arthroplasty, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 2035–2041, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2025.01.049.
[8] X. Zhang et al., “Respiratory-related safety profiles of ciprofol (cipepofol) for anesthesia/sedation in Chinese elderly patients undergoing gastroscopy: a multicenter, parallel controlled clinical trial (REST trial),” J. Clin. Anesth., vol. 106, p. 111976, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.111976.
[9] A. Cheng et al., “Integrating multi-task and cost-sensitive learning for predicting mortality risk of chronic diseases in the elderly using real-world data,” Int. J. Med. Inform., vol. 191, p. 105567, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105567.
[10] S. Pengpid and K. Peltzer, “Prevalence and Associated Factors of Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in Indonesia, 2014–2015,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 17, no. 1. 2020. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17010010.
[11] A. Lawi et al., “Implementasi Solusi Teknologi untuk Pelayanan Kesehatan Lansia : Desain Tongkat Arduino dan Aplikasi Rekam Medis,” vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 2139–2147, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.22236/solma.v13i3.16646.
[12] S. Meilina, “Tahun 2023 Jumlah Penduduk Miskin di Batam Bertambah 500 Orang,” Radio Republik Indonesia, 2023. https://www.rri.co.id/daerah/477868/tahun-2023-jumlah-penduduk-miskin-di-batam-bertambah-500-orang#:~:text=Diketahui berdasarkan data Dinas Kependudukan,dengan kepadatan 1.200 jiwa%2Fkm2. (accessed Mar. 20, 2024).
[13] E. Schuster et al., “A novel walking cane with haptic biofeedback reduces knee adduction moment in the osteoarthritic knee,” J. Biomech., vol. 114, p. 110150, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110150.
[14] Z. Yang, M. Gao, and J. Choi, “Smart walking cane based on triboelectric nanogenerators for assisting the visually impaired,” Nano Energy, vol. 124, p. 109485, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109485.
[15] V. Patni, Y. Rathi, A. Sharma, and D. Sinha, “Senior Citizen Assistance Humanoid,” SVKM’s NMIMS University, Mumbai, 2021. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.18821.88802.
[16] A. Ohara et al., “Effects of using cane and vestibular rehabilitation on the walking function in elderly patients with dizziness,” Auris Nasus Larynx, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 571–576, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2020.10.010.
[17] S. Y. Sudah, D. J. Kerrigan, and J. B. Ruskin, “Acromion stress fracture in an elderly cane walker with Parkinson’s disease: a case report,” JSES Rev. Reports, Tech., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 442–445, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xrrt.2021.08.009.
[18] M. Tazawa, H. Arii, Y. Ibe, H. Kobayashi, H. Chikuda, and N. Wada, “Effects of Walking With a Cane on Frontal Plane Hip Joint Loading in Patients With Late-Stage Unilateral Hip Osteoarthritis,” Arch. Rehabil. Res. Clin. Transl., vol. 4, no. 3, p. 100209, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arrct.2022.100209.
[19] Y. Zhang, C. Tao, X. Zhang, J. Guo, and Y. Fan, “Effects of cane use on the kinematic and kinetic of lower-extremity joints in inexperienced users,” J. Biomech., vol. 146, p. 111426, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111426.
[20] E. C. Silva et al., “Secular trends in facial anthropometry among Chilean workers: Implications for ergonomic respirator design and fit panel adaptation,” Appl. Ergon., vol. 129, p. 104594, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2025.104594.
[21] A. K. Saha, M. A. Jahin, M. Rafiquzzaman, and M. F. Mridha, “Ergonomic design of computer laboratory furniture: Mismatch analysis utilizing anthropometric data of university students,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 14, p. e34063, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34063.
[22] B. Suhardi, F. M. Putri, R. D. Astuti, and E. R. Hawa, “Designing Elderly-Friendly Puskesmas Facilities Using Age-Friendly Principles (Case Study Puskesmas X),” Malaysian J. Public Heal. Med., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 226–234, 2023.
[23] A. Widyanti, L. Susanti, I. Z. Sutalaksana, and K. Muslim, “Ethnic differences in Indonesian anthropometry data: Evidence from three different largest ethnics,” Int. J. Ind. Ergon., vol. 47, pp. 72–78, 2015, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2015.02.008.
[24] M. H. Kabir, S. Fawzia, and T. H. T. Chan, “Durability of CFRP strengthened circular hollow steel members under cold weather: Experimental and numerical investigation,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 123, pp. 372–383, 2016, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.116.
[25] F. Brusa, M. S. Erden, and A. Sedda, “Influence of the Somatic Rubber Hand Illusion on Maximum Grip Aperture,” J. Mot. Behav., vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 39–57, Jan. 2023, doi: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2099342.
[26] W. Tapanya, R. Puntumetakul, M. S. Neubert, T. Hunsawong, and R. Boucaut, “Ergonomic arm support prototype device for smartphone users reduces neck and shoulder musculoskeletal loading and fatigue,” Appl. Ergon., vol. 95, p. 103458, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103458.
[27] H.-P. Chiu, “Perceiving comfort and stability: Evaluating the ergonomic design of true wireless stereo earphones,” Int. J. Ind. Ergon., vol. 109, p. 103797, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2025.103797.
[28] H. Yuan, “Developing a digital human modeling toolset: Simulating elderly posture in Grasshopper to optimize living environments,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 90, p. 109308, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.109308.
[29] H. J. El-Khozondar et al., “A smart energy monitoring system using ESP32 microcontroller,” e-Prime - Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy, vol. 9, p. 100666, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2024.100666.
[30] I. P. A. W. Widyatmika, N. P. A. W. Indrawati, I. W. W. A. Prastya, I. K. Darminta, I. G. N. Sangka, and A. A. N. G. Sapteka, “Perbandingan Kinerja Arduino Uno dan ESP32 Terhadap Pengukuran Arus dan Tegangan,” J. Otomasi Kontrol dan Instrumentasi, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 35–47, 2021, doi: 10.5614/joki.2021.13.1.4.
[31] R. Singh, Y. Malhotra, and J. Parikh, “Integrative approach for early detection of Parkinson’s disease and atypical Parkinsonian syndromes leveraging hemodynamic parameters, motion data & advanced AI models,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 271, p. 108989, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2025.108989.
[32] V. Venkataramanan et al., “Smart automatic COVID door opening system with contactless temperature sensing,” e-Prime - Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy, vol. 6, p. 100284, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prime.2023.100284.
[33] A. Juliadrianni, I. Ziad, and S. Suroso, “Design a wristband based on Internet of Things for blind people,” VOLT J. Ilm. Pendidik. Tek. Elektro, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.30870/volt.v8i1.21392.
[34] Khairunnisa’, Hartoyo, and U. Nursusanto, “Development of Monitoring Device for Battery Charge/Discharge Control as Electrical Energy Storage in Mini-Generating Systems,” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2022, vol. 2406, no. 1. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/2406/1/012017.
[35] F. F. Bastarianto, T. O. Hancock, A. Ilahi, E. Manley, and C. F. Choudhury, “‘Mind the Gap’—The impact of discrepancies between Google Maps API and reported travel data in the Global South,” Case Stud. Transp. Policy, vol. 21, p. 101508, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2025.101508.
[36] A. W. Naviaddin, B. H. Prasetio, and R. Primananda, “Sistem Identifikasi Kesehatan Berdasarkan Detak Jantung, Kadar Oksigen, dan Suhu Tubuh Menggunakan Metode Fuzzy Mamdani,” J. Teknol. Inf. dan Ilmu Komput., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 1003–1014, 2023, doi: 10.25126/jtiik.2023106956.
[37] K. Poorzargar et al., “Accuracy of pulse oximeters in measuring oxygen saturation in patients with poor peripheral perfusion: a systematic review.,” J. Clin. Monit. Comput., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 961–973, Aug. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s10877-021-00797-8.
[38] P. R. E. Jarvis, J. L. Cardin, P. M. Nisevich-Bede, and J. P. McCarter, “Continuous glucose monitoring in a healthy population: understanding the post-prandial glycemic response in individuals without diabetes mellitus,” Metabolism, vol. 146, p. 155640, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155640.
[39] B. M. Ahmed, M. E. Ali, M. M. Masud, M. R. Azad, and M. Naznin, “After-meal blood glucose level prediction for type-2 diabetic patients.,” Heliyon, vol. 10, no. 7, p. e28855, Apr. 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28855.
[40] S. Zachariah, K. Kumar, S. W. H. Lee, W. Y. Choon, S. Naeem, and C. Leong, “Chapter 7 - Interpretation of Laboratory Data and General Physical Examination by Pharmacists,” D. B. T.-C. P. E. Thomas Practice and Research, Ed. Elsevier, 2019, pp. 91–108. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814276-9.00007-6.
[41] J. S. Krause, G. Brandt, U. Schmidt, and D. Schunk, “Don’t sweat it: Ambient temperature does not affect social behavior and perception,” J. Econ. Psychol., vol. 99, p. 102657, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2023.102657.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dimas Akmarul Putera, Roni Adi, Dwi Ely Kurniawan, Abdul Mutalib Leman, Raynold Raynold
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) ) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
