Correction and Retraction

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record. When an error or concern is identified in a published article, whether by the author(s), readers, reviewers, or the editorial team, the journal will notify the corresponding author in writing. The author(s) will be given one (1) week (7 calendar days) from the date of notification to respond, provide clarification, or submit a correction. If the error is minor and does not affect the findings or conclusions, the journal will publish a correction (erratum or corrigendum) that is linked to the original article. If the error is serious, or if there is clear evidence of research misconduct such that the findings or conclusions are no longer reliable, the article will be retracted. If the author(s) do not respond within the one-week period, the Editor-in-Chief will make a decision based on the available evidence. All decisions follow the guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Retracted articles will remain accessible online, clearly marked as “Retracted,” and accompanied by a retraction notice stating the reason for retraction.