The Economic Value Zone of Semarang Zoo Using Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Method

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Introduction
Based on the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 10 of 2009 concerning Tourism, tourism functions to meet the physical, spiritual and intellectual needs of all tourists through recreation and travel, as well as to increase state revenues in order to achieve people's welfare.The city of Semarang has a variety of tourist destinations, such as the Semarang Zoo which has man-made tourist attractions (Idris, 2022).According to Situmorang & Suryawan (2018), the tourism sector is a potential sector for development.
Semarang Zoo is one of the favorite tourist attractions in the Semarang City.Based on Hamaz (2018), the history of the Wildlife Park, or what is officially called the Tinjomoyo Margaraya Park (Bonbin Tinjomoyo), was a relocation from the Tegal Wareng Zoo in 1985.However, in 2007, all the animals were moved to a new location in the Mangkang, Semarang.Semarang City Government then decided to move the location of the zoo with this new location, and Tinjomoyo Zoo changed its name to Mangkang Semarang Zoo (Semarang Zoo).Beside that a recreation area, this zoo is expected to be a place for conservation and education.The management provides various kinds of animal attractions and children's games for support tourism activities.This attraction is supported by the transportation, services and supporting facilities so that Semarang Zoo is attractive for tourists to visit.
Semarang Zoo has an economic effect on the surrounding areas, with many traders in the area around Semarang Zoo.Based on research Wibowo (2023), Semarang Zoo has a result assessment 12 and is in the very high category, based on the parameters of attractions, amenities and accessibility with descriptive qualitative methods.The method in the research can be used as a basis for assessing tourist attractions, but the obtained results cannot be explained quantitatively.Based on the deficiencies of this method, so in this research was carried out an assessment of the Semarang Zoo using the Travel Cost and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) methods.This method will produce an output of regional economic value in rupiah based on physical parameters and the results of interviews by visitors.
Cininta (2016) said that regional economic value is all economic value both direct value and indirect value as well as market value and non-market value in an area and does not include the value of property in the area.The total economic value can be obtained using the Travel Cost Method (TCM) approach which is used to obtain direct use value by using respondent data from visitors and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to obtain the existence value of the people who take advantage of tourist locations, such as traders and others.The economic assessment used the TCM approach which is calculated based on the amount of travel costs incurred by visitors in tourist area.Whitehead in Gatot (2019) states that CVM is the only method that can be used to measure economic value for people who do not directly experience changes from a policy.
On the other hand, based on research of Rindika (2020), the hedonic value is calculated by Hedonic Pricing Method (HPM) to find out in detail of the tourist potensial area from the level of visitor preference as an additional analysis of the total economic value and can be used as a consideration for improving existing facilities and sub-tourism.Tourist attractions can attract visitors from various regions, beside from visitors from the Semarang City.The value of tourist attractions in several areas around the Semarang Zoo can be calculated using the Gravity Model method.Newton's gravity model can be used to assess the degree of spatial interaction between two or more regions (Irsyad & Syahnur, 2018).
Based on the problems described previously, in this research will calculate regional economic value in Semarang Zoo, hedonic value based on the distribution of facilities, and also analysis of spatial interactions around the Semarang Zoo area with the Grvaity Model method.The obtained results can be used as a reference in developing Semarang Zoo's tourism potential for tourism managers and related agencies.

Location of Research
The research is located in Semarang Zoo in Semarang City.Data Collection was carried on September until October 2022 with interviewing respondents, submitting data request to relevant agencies, and toponymy survey.Site of location map can be seen at figure 1.

Tools and Materials of Research
The tools which is used in this research is Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, ArcGIS 10.7, IBM SPSS 25, Mobile Topographer, and Maple 17.The materials whis is used in this research is result of interviewing using Travel Cost Method, Contingent Valuation Method, and Hedonic Pricing Method, map of administration Semarang City, population of Semarang City, visitors data and area data of Semarang Zoo, SPOT-7 Imagery, and result of toponymic survey.

Data Analysis 2.3.1 Total Economic Value
The economic value of an area is all economic values such as direct or indirect use value, as well as optional or optional value, existence value and inheritance value in an area which does not include land value and property value in the assessed area (Ismawati, 2019).The TEV of the area itself is assessed based on non-market factors such as direct use (use value) and indirect use (non-use value).Formulas (1) can be used to calculate TEV as follows.TEV = DUV + EV …………………………….(1) Explanation: DUV = Direct use value EV = Existence value

Travel Cost Method
The Travel Cost Method (TCM) is a method that uses travel costs as a substitute for pricing and is one of the first methodologies used by environmental economists to evaluate demand for environmental benefits (Dharmawan, 2016)

Contingent Valuation Method
According to Dharmawan (2016), the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) is an assessment-based questionnaire approach where the willingness to pay/respondents in terms of certain commodities is obtained directly.The equations used in the CVM approach are shown in equations 3 to 5 based on the Guide to Calculating Textual Data Processing ZNEK Assessments with the CVM Approach by the National Land Agency.

Hedonic Pricing Method
According to Livia (2020), the hedonic technique is a method used to measure how big a product is desired.The scale for the category used varies depending on the quality range specified so that the number of levels of preference can vary.The most widely used test to measure the level of preference for production is the hedonic test.The value of quality or quality is calculated using hedonic data derived from responses to the given questionnaire.The average quality value interval for each respondent is determined using formula ( 6

Heteroscedasticity Test
Heteroscedasticity is a condition where there is an inequality of variance from the residuals for all observations in the regression model (Mardiatmoko, 2020).Heteroscedasticity testing can be done with the Glesjer test method, Spearman rank, and correlation coefficient testing.

Statistic Test
The statistical test utilized in this research is as follows.
1. Validity Test Yusup (2018) says that the accuracy or precision of a measurement instrument is called validity.
To test the validity can be used equation 7.According to Yusup (2018), the consistency of a measuring instrument is determined by a reliability test, which determines whether the measuring device is reliable and consistent when repeated.A data is said to be reliable if the measurement results are consistent and have a Cronbach Alpha value of more than 0.70.The reliability test can be carried out using the Alpha Cronbach method as in equation 8.

Spatial Interaction With Gravity Model
Movement or communication between different areas is referred to as spatial interaction.Economic flows (commodities or trade between regions), information flows, and population mobility flows (migration) can all be used to estimate movement or communication between various regions (Brocker in Irsyad, 2018).Where to measure the strength of interaction between regions can be used equation 9 as follows: Explanation : Tij = spatial interaction of region i and j mi = push factor mj = pull factor rij = distance of i and j α,β,c = mass coefficient k = constanta

Classical Assumption Test
The result of classical assumption test in this research are as follows. 1

Heteroscedasticity Test
A regression model is declared not experiencing heteroscedasticity if the significance value on the independent variable is more than 0.05 and does not form a certain pattern.The results of the heteroscedasticity test on TCM, CVM and HPM Semarang Zoo are shown in Figure 2 and Table 5.

Statistical Test
The explanation about result of statistical test in this research is as follows.

Reliability Test
The result of CVM and HPM validity test are shown in table 6.Based on table 8 it I known that all variables in the Semarang Zoo HPM are said to be valid.

Influential Variable Analysis
Influential variable analysis was carried out by conducting a t-test on TCM, CVM and HPM Semarang Zoo tourism data.The results of the t test for each method are shown in tables 8 to table 10.

Total Economic Value
The total economic value of a tourist area is obtained by adding up the direct use value and existence value.The results of the total economic value of the Semarang Zoo area can be seen in table 11.Based on table 11, it can be seen that the total economic value of Semarang Zoo has a high value.This is because the Semarang Zoo tourist location has easier transportation access.Semarang Zoo also has high direct use value, as Semarang Zoo offers tourists a variety of diverse sub-tours, as well as a number of modern rides suitable for visitors of all ages.In addition, Semarang Zoo has a good general condition of the area.In terms of existence value, Semarang Zoo also has a high score because the distribution of research respondents are beneficiaries who are around the Semarang Zoo area.A map of the total economic value of the Semarang Zoo area can be seen in Figure 3 Figure 3. Map of Semarang Zoo Total Economic Value

Hedonic Value Analysis
The results of calculating hedonic values use a scoring test with a 95% confidence level from the average results of each respondent.The purpose of this problem is to calculate the average interval of the preference value of each respondent.In Semarang Zoo it can be seen that the value of the hedonic interval for each variable is (2.888, 3.050).It can be concluded that the level of preference or hedonic value for each variable has the smallest value for the Semarang Zoo area of 2.888.It can be concluded that the hedonic level or hedonic value of Semarang Zoo has a hedonic value of 3.0 and can be said to be normal.The value of hedonic intervals in tourist areas is supported by the distribution of various and many utilities around Semarang Zoo with a radius of + 2 km.The display of the utility distribution of the Semarang Zoo can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Semarang Zoo Utilities Distribution Map
From the results of the toponymic survey in the Semarang Zoo area, 73 points were taken with details, namely 13 worship points, 9 health points, 19 trade and commerce points, 1 open space and field point, 17 education points, 14 government and public service points.

Spatial Interaction with Gravity Model
In this research, spatial interactions are calculated using the gravity model.The interaction between the Semarang Zoo area and the district/city center has diversity and excels in certain areas in tourist areas, this is because it is influenced by the distance to tourist attractions and the population of each district/city.The overall value of Semarang Zoo's spatial interaction is directly proportional to the total economic value, namely the greater the spatial interaction, the greater the total economic value, this can be seen from the total economic value of Semarang Zoo.Table 12 is the magnitude of the spatial interaction with the Semarang Zoo.Based on table 12 it is known that the Semarang City area has the highest spatial interaction value.The lowest spatial interaction value in Semarang Zoo is Grobogan Regency with a value of 2.640.The closest district spatial interaction map display is shown in Figure 5.

Conclusion
The following are suggestions that can be given in this study as follows: 1.Based on the assessment and calculation process, the total economic value (TEV) of Semarang Zoo is Rp.245,895,813,400.This value is obtained from the sum of the direct use value (DUV) and existence value (EV).2. From the calculation of the hedonic value at Semarang Zoo, it is known that the hedonic value interval for each variable is (2.888, 3.050.The hedonic value of Semarang Zoo is also
of the correlation of X with the overall Y score N = number of respondents X = number of item scores Y = instrument item value 2. Reliability Test SDb = varians of item SDt = varians of total score

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Regional Spatial Interaction Map of Semarang Zoo

Table 1 .
Result of Normality Test . Normality Test Ghozali (2011) emphasized that a residual data can be declared normally distributed if the Zskewness and Zkurtosis values are not more than 1.96.The Zskewness and Zkurtosis values for each method are shown in table 1.

Table 3 .
VIF Value of CVM

Table 4 .
VIF Value of HPM Variance InflationFactor or VIF value of less than 10.Based on that table 2 to 4, it is known that TCM, CVM, and HPM for Semarang Zoo have not multicollinearity because their VIF value is less than 10.

Table 5 .
Significance Result of Based on table 5, it is known that significance value of TCM, CVM, and HPM data more than 0,05.So TCM, CVM, and HPM data for Semarang Zoo haven't heteroscedasticity.

Table 6 .
Result of Reliability Test the Semarang Zoo CVM and Table 8 for the Semarang Zoo HPM each displays the results of the validity test.When R count exceeds R table, a variable is said to be valid.Variables are considered invalid if the opposite condition occurs.In this research, invalid variables have inconsistent data characteristics.

Table 7 .
The Result of Validity Test of CVM

Table 8 .
The Result of Validity Test of HPM Semarang Zoo Based on table 7, it is known that the valid variable in CVM Semarang Zoo are Willingness to Pay Existence, Benefit, Interest, Conversion, Participation, Satisfaction.

Table 8 .
The Result of t Test for TCM Semarang Zoo

Table 9 .
The Result of t Test for CVM Semarang Zoo

Table 10 .
The Result of t Test for HPM Semarang Zoo , it is known that the variables that affect the frequency of visits to the TCM method at the Semarang Zoo are travel costs, age, education, and the number of groups.Based on table 9, the variables that influence Semarang Zoo's CVM are presence values, age, number of families, and participation values.Based on table 10, it is known that the variable that has no effect on the Semarang Zoo HPM is only the souvenir center.

Table 11 .
Total Economic Value

Table 12 .
Result of Regional Spatial Interaction